It belongs to the aa genome group and has 12 chromosomes and a nuclear genome size of 411 mb flow cytometry. Check other web resources for oryza stapfii roshev epic. Genetic diversity and domestication history of african rice oryza glaberrima as inferred from. Oryza glaberrima is an annual with erect stems up to 90150 cm long. To understand the mechanisms responsible for such vast diversity, here we investigated the origin and evolution of a cluster of tandemly arrayed tps genes in oryza. In this work, we identified the lossofshattering mutant suppression of shattering1 ssh1 through a screen of mutagenized wild rice oryza rufipogon introgression lines. It provides more energy and also forms the staple food for more humans than any other food plant. The two cultivated species, african rice oryza glaberrima and asian rice oryza sativa, and two wild species, oryza barthii and oryza longistaminata, occur together in many ricegrowing areas here.
Electronic plant information centre of royal botanic gardens, kew. Department of agriculture agricultural research service. All of them show considerable morphological similarities. This page was last edited on 14 september 2017, at 22. It is now considered that oryza barthii is the direct ancestor of oryza glaberrima. Irri, 20 in lowland, upland, and aerobic rice ecosystems. Oryza barthii, also called barths rice, wild rice, or african wild rice, is a grass in the rice genus.
Genomic science presents novel tools for exploiting the genetic potential of african rice for. Wild rice oryza rufipogon and oryza nivara grew abundantly in south and southeast asia and also in the southern part of china. Rice is a model crop plant that is frequently used to address several basic. The term the sudd has come to refer to any large solid floating vegetation island or mat. The arabic word sudd is derived from sadd, meaning barrier or obstruction. Before requesting germplasm, scientists should consider their capacity to receive it. This proposition was severely criticized in the 1960s and 1970s by scientists belonging to various disciplines. Click on names to expand them, and on p for plants profiles. Three types of plant, phramites communis, echinochloa pyramidalis and oryza barthii are anchored by their shallow, buried roots in the floodplains and exist only where the waters are relatively shallow.
History of african rice and its expansion to north and. Oryza breviligulata is another wild relative found in africa. South sudan background information bradt travel guides. The wild oryza genomes tapan kumar mondal springer. The genus oryza, which includes rice oryza sativa and oryza glaberrima and wild relatives, is a useful genus to study leaf properties in order to identify structural features that control co2 access to chloroplasts, photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and drought tolerance. This book focuses on the latest genome sequencing of the 25 wild oryza species, public and private genomic resources, and their impact on genetic improvement research. Plants free fulltext advances in molecular genetics. Abstract the usual assumption is that african cultivated rice oryza glaberrima steud. Rice germplasm download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi.
Origins and geographic diversification of african rice oryza. Probably the wild progenitor of cultivated african rice oryza glaberrima. West african rice oryza glaberrima is a different species from asian rice oryza sativa, and was domesticated from a different wild species oryza barthii vs oryza rufipogon. It has leaves with a short ligule jan 30, 2009 rice is a member of the genus oryza, which has a history extending back into the miocene. The natural history of rice rice has fed more people than any other crop has for thousands of years. Carney is also a coauthor on the nature genetics paper, and her book served as one of the inspirations behind sequencing the african rice genome. African rice was domesticated about 3500 years ago from its putative progenitor, oryza barthii. In this book, the subject of weeds in rice is introduced with brief discussions on weed ecology, weed biology, successions, weed management and control measures for some difficult weeds chromolaena odorata, echinochloa spp. The prevalence of selfincompatibility inoryza barthii cheval. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want.
Coordination of leaf photosynthesis, transpiration, and. Several studies indicated that it has extremely narrow genetic diversity compared to both its wild progenitor, oryza barthii and the asian rice, oryza sativa which can mainly be attributed to a severe domestication bottleneck. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. African rice often shows more tolerance to fluctuations in water depth, iron toxicity, infertile soils, severe climatic conditions, and human neglect, and exhibits better resistance to various pests and diseases. Combinatorial evolution of a terpene synthase gene cluster. Oryza rufipogon chr 3s oryza rufipogon fpc map oryza sativa indica.
Its wild ancestor, which still grows wild in africa is oryza barthii. Ultimately, a new strain african rice oryza glaberrima, with heavier grains, became distinct from its predecessor. Traits, 26 structural and 17 functional, associated with photosynthesis and transpiration were quantified on 24. Today oryza barthii can be found growing wild in parts of africa. Interestingly, african rice is not of the same origin as asian rice oryza sativa l. Oryza barthii is the aa genome progenitor of the west african cultivated rice, o. The cultivation of rice in africa dates back more than 3,000 years. West africa is the most dominant ricegrowing region in africa. African rice oryza glaberrima steud is one of the two rice species that have undergone independent domestication, the other one being asian rice oryza sativa. An overview of global rice production, supply, trade, and. The sudd assudd or alsudd is a vast swamp in south sudan, formed by the white niles ba.
While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and uptodate information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in. The area which the swamp covers is one of the worlds largest wetlands and the largest freshwater. Article citation database or nal catalog of usdas national agricultural library entrez. The origins and history of rice in china and beyond the origins of rice domestication in china.
Rice is grown under many different conditions and production systems, but. Rice cultivation, processing, and marketing in the eighteenth century michael trinkley, ph. Oryza glaberrima is thought to have been domesticated from its wild ancestor oryza barthii around 1,500 bc in the inland delta of the niger river. Usda, ars, germplasm resources information network. Genomes of domesticated and wild rice relatives highlight. Oryza longistaminata occurring in africa is closely related to the west african oryza barthii sometimes in sympatric communities, which has a tall 2 m, erect, rhizomatous phenotype and is outcrossing.
Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency itis teams. Watch short video showing culture and history of african rice. The widely held assumption was that african rice, oryza glaberrima originated about 3,500 years ago in the senegambian region, differentiating from the annual wild rice, o. In this study, using a nearisogenic line nilhs1 from oryza barthii, we found a hybrid seed shattering phenomenon between the nilhs1 and its recurrent parent, a japonica variety yundao 1. The history and genetic transformation of the african rice, oryza. Jan 22, 2018 the genus oryza is a model system for the study of molecular evolution over time scales ranging from a few thousand to 15 million years. Seeds of oryza sativa nipponbare were kindly provided by the dale bumpers national rice research center. The area which the swamp covers is one of the worlds largest wetlands and the largest freshwater wetland in. The genus oryza is a model system for the study of molecular evolution over time scales ranging from a few thousand to 15 million years. These two cultivated species play a vital role in enhancing food security in subsaharan africa where the popularity of rice as a staple. About the classification report about the classification download. Seeds of oryza rufipogon pi 590418, oryza nivara pi 590425, oryza barthii gsor311687, and oryza glaberrima pi 450396 were obtained from the national plant germplasm system of the united states. This chapter discusses the evolutionary relationships between various species in the oryza genus, with a special focus on the. Domestication history and geographic adaptation inferred.
The complex history of the domestication of rice ncbi. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. Oryza barthii in the germplasm resources information network grin, u. The history and early spread of asian rice from its centers of origin and diversity in east and south asia are presented here. Oryza barthii formerly known as oryza stapfii or o. Recent research related to evolution in the primary gene pool of rice, which consists of oryza species with the agenome, provides new perspectives related to current and past ecogenetic setting. Oryza sativa is grown all over the world while oryza glaberrima has been cultivated in west africa for the last 3500 years.
This book assesses multiple aspects of this crucial crop in chapters devoted to rices history and spread, phylogeny of the genus oryza, oryza species and their interrelationships, and the origins of west african and asian rice. Given these distributions, it is easy to locate the ancestral pools from which modern rice were extracted. It is found in mopane or savanna woodland, savanna or fadama. Rice belongs to the genus oryza and has two cultivated and 22 wild species. Phylogenetic relationships and genome divergence among the aagenome species of the genus oryza as revealed by 53 nuclear genes and 16 intergeneric regions molec. Revised key to species in genus oryza monog oryza 349. The history and genetic transformation of the african rice. Hosted by the usgs core science analytics and synthesis. Chev oryza barthii formerly known as oryza stapfii or o. Ncbis search engine for pubmed citations, genbank sequences, etc. Oryza glumaepatula chr 3s oryza granulata chr 3s oryza longistaminata chr 3s oryza meridionalis chr 3s oryza minutabb chr 3s oryza minutacc chr 3s oryza nivara chr 3s oryza officinalis chr 3s oryza punctata. The ancient indian name for rice, dhanya, means sustenance for the human race.
Seed shattering is an important agronomic trait in rice domestication. Using reference genomes spanning the oryza species tree. Evolutionary relationships among the oryza species. Improving and finetuning the regulation of this process will further enhance grain yield by avoiding seed losses during crop production. Because they are a source of resistance to, or tolerance of, biotic and abiotic stresses, the most important use of the various species of wild rice is probably in breeding programmes to improve the.
In the oryza species analyzed, tps genes occur as a three tps cluster, a two tps cluster, and a single tps gene in five, one, and one species, respectively. Whereas asian rice oryza sativa has been extensively studied, the exact origins of. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. The elimination of seed shattering was a crucial event during crop domestication. Gcbiased gene conversion and selection affect gc content. Rice feeds more than half of the world population, but most rice is consumed within ten miles of where it is produced. Throughout the history of mankind, man was a huntergatherer except for the last 10,000 years or so when he started domesticating plants and animals of his surroundings. The cultivated species are oryza sativa and oryza glaberrima. For concision, all these four species were considered as outcrossers thereafter. Usdas national agricultural library database of fulltext journal articles and citations on. Glabrous, smooth culms are up to 250 cm tall, up to 2. Here we present a highquality assembly and annotation of the o. Phylogenetic relationships and genome divergence among the aagenome species of the genus oryza as revealed by 53 nuclear genes and 16 intergeneric regions.
This book assesses multiple aspects of this crucial crop in chapters devoted to rices history and spread, phylogeny of the genus oryza, oryza species and their interrelationships, and. The book describes the historical importance of african rice, which was brought to the united states during the period of transatlantic slavery. The most distinctive leaf characteristics of this subfamily are the arm cells and fusoid cells found in their leaves. The origins and history of rice in china, indiapakistan. Rice is a model crop plant that is frequently used to address several basic questions in plant. Nayar department of botany, university of kerala, kariavattom 695 581, trivandrum, kerala, india. Much of the older literature is rendered useless by this. Especially in much of asia, life without rice has been unthinkable. Cultivation of african rice never spread very far afield in prehistory or even still today where african rice is primarily confined to west africa. The african domestication was much more recent than the asian domestication about 3000 years ago, or possibly later in the 1st millenium bc, vs about 9000 years ago. Rice is a model crop plant that is frequently used to address several basic questions in plant biology, yet its wild relatives offer. The apetala2like transcription factor supernumerary.
The book explores the indigenous knowledge systems in which crops developed, a process which brings a west african rather than a european protagonist to the history of rice cultivation and its dissemination. Note this takes you off of our website use your browsers back button to return to this page. The name oryza barthii was for some time wrongly used for the perennial o. Prevalence of selfincompatibility in oryza barthii cheval. Using glottochronology, edda fieldsblack demonstrated that in western. Oryza barthii, the progenitor of african rice, occurred. The two cultivated species, african rice oryza glaberrima and asian rice oryza sativa, and two wild species, oryza. Classification for kingdom plantae down to genus oryza l. Oryza definition is a small genus family gramineae of tropical cereal grasses having perfect flowers with six stamens. Oryza barthii is an annual, clumpforming grass with erect to semierect culms that form new roots at the lower nodes. The wild oryza genomes focuses on the latest genome sequencing of the 25 wild oryza species, public and private genomic resources, and their impact on genetic improvement research.
Itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. Perennial with extensive creeping underground rhizomes. Oryza glaberrima is the african cultivated rice species, domesticated from its wild ancestor by farmers living in inland delta of niger river. Rice was domesticated independently in west africa. It also addresses the untapped reservoir of agronomically important traits in wild oryza species. The origin and domestication history of asian rice has particularly remained contentious. It has not so far spread significantly outside its native distribution of western, eastern and southern africa, but has the potential to do.
May 15, 2016 the book explores the indigenous knowledge systems in which crops developed, a process which brings a west african rather than a european protagonist to the history of rice cultivation and its dissemination. Oryza barthii, also called barths rice, wild rice, or african wild rice, is a grass in the rice genus oryza. National plant germplasm system covid19 update, march 23, 2020. The origin and evolution of the genus oryza, to which cultivated rices belong, are. It is the progenitor of cultivated oryza glaberrima, african rice. The tribe oryzeae is in subfamily ehrhartoideae, a group of poaceae tribes with certain features of internal leaf anatomy in common. Jul 06, 2007 oryza meridionalis is native to australia and o.
1356 1536 632 1526 498 513 101 318 713 461 236 766 195 245 702 1302 462 1359 1295 171 299 587 798 386 1355 937 393 1368 420 103 80 890 168 40 355 16 1558 438 8 575 1226 484 813 397 957 550 1341 1450